Comparative Effects of MHD and Non-MHD Flow on Hybrid Nanofluid over a Stretching Sheet Incorporating Soret and Dufour Effects Alongside Viscous Dissipation

Abstract

The present work undertakes a comparative numerical investigation that sets magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary-layer flow alongside its non-MHD counterpart for an Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid set in motion by a linearly stretched wall. The model retains the thermal-diffusion (Soret) and diffusion-thermo (Dufour) couplings together with viscous heating, while the wall is held at prescribed uniform temperature and concentration so that every field relaxes smoothly toward its free-stream value. Through a similarity transformation the governing partial differential equations are recast as a coupled system of non-linear ordinary differential equations, which are then solved in MATLAB with the bvp4c collocation routine based on the three-stage Lobatto IIIa scheme, after an algebraic manipulation has been used to disentangle the cross-diffusion terms. Checked against known analytical limits, the solver reproduces them to a maximum relative error of 0.048%. The computations show that the applied field retards the motion through the Lorentz force and thickens both the thermal and the solutal layers, whereas the Soret and Dufour numbers strongly govern the wall heat- and mass-transfer rates, demonstrating that the thermal behaviour of the hybrid nanofluid is dictated by tightly coupled transport

Keywords: HybridNanofluid; Magnetohydrodynamics; HeatandMasstransfer